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The ‘Age of Atlantic Revolution’ describes the period between 1775 and 1825 that created a revolutionary wave promoting ideals of...

In the years 1931-1937, ‘Generalissimo’ Chiang Kai-Shek pursued a stance of appeasement with Japan, summarised through the policy of an...

Homages to Giuseppe Garibaldi can be seen all over the world, from the biscuit to the cocktail, down to the colour of Nottingham Forest’s...

Alexander Herzen, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky, 1860 In 1848, a series of revolutions swept across Europe, fuelled by a raging desire for political and social change. Alexander Herzen and Karl Marx played a prominent role in analysing and commenting on these events. Herzen, a Russian philosopher and writer, believed in the potential for a social revolution for a more just society, while Marx, a German political theorist, saw the revolutions as an opportunity for the proletariat

Portrait of Otto von Bismarck c.1875 Introduction In 1862, Otto von Bismarck advocated “The great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority decisions, but by iron and blood’. [1] By 1871, Germany was unified. In the histography of today, Bismarck is seen as the mastermind behind the emergence of the German Empire. Bismarck’s management of the economy is assessed in the first section of the essay. Ian Mitchell and John Breuilly argue that Bism

A punch comic from 1858 depicting three diseases found within the Thames River -Cholera, Scrofula and Diphtheria Labelled as the “Epidemic Century”, the 19th century in Britain has been seen as one of the most decisive shapers of History. This influential period of change rose within the landscape of the Industrial Revolution and with this came a dark cloud that threatened the new way of life of the British population. Mass urbanization and industrialization paved the way for

The Yan’an Rectification Campaign was an ideological mass movement carried out by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1942 to 1944...

Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925), the first president of the Republic of China, left a deep political and intellectual legacy, so much so that he is still claimed as a Founding Father of modern China. In 1940, Sun Yat-sen was decreed to be Guofu , or ‘The Father of the Nation’ in reflection of his pivotal role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the subsequent establishment of the Republic of China in 1912. Sun occupies a unique historical position, as the ideologically opposed

To understand how far dissent can explain the collapse of the Soviet Union, this essay will assess the role of dissent within the...

Adolf Hitler (far right, seated) with his army comrades of the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (circa 1914–18) Introduction The historiographical theory of the German Sonderweg has received rich attention from academic thinkers and historians since the 1960s. According to J.N. Retallack, the theory considers Germany to have followed a course from aristocracy to democracy unlike any other within Europe. [1] Employing different historical perspectives, historians reach

First, the term nationalism will be discussed within the scope of African history, followed by the notion of ‘elite men’. This essay will...

No German General from the Second World War was publicized in wartime propaganda as often or as positively as Erwin Rommel. The Nazi Propagandaministerium ( Pro-Mi ) worked tirelessly to present Rommel as the face of the Afrikakorps and elevate his status to that of a national hero. His victories in the North African theatre of war, from 1941-42, also brought him recognition and praise from his Commonwealth opponents, particularly the British press. After being implicated i

This essay will discuss the main factors that attracted women to fascism from the perspective of inter-war Italy and Germany, to provide...